Phil,
nope not that stuff!
What you have there is sodium hydrogen sulphate, which is a crystaline solid, dispersible in water. When dissolved, it does form an acidic solution which is harmless to health, and thus used in foodstuffs and to lower the Ph of solutions..... but it won't kill rust.
Well, that said, it's not quite true - any low pH solution will dissolve rust, and NaHSO3 is acidic, so will disolve Iron Oxide (rust)....
.....however, without looking too hard (for a Sunday afternoon) I don't know what effect it will have on the remaining steel.
With Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) - which is a liquid at normal temperatures - the chemical reaction works in two ways..
1) The acidic reaction dissolves loose rust particles
2) The Chemical reaction converts Iron Oxide to Iron Phosphate.
Thus the steel ends up with a grayish coating (darker grey where the rust used to be) of Iron Phosphate which will further protect against future rusting. Iron Phosphate is harmless to the base steel, has the same coefficient of expansion (so won't crack off with temperature change), and will take paint ot electroplating....it's an all-round good guy!.
H3PO4 + Fe2O3 → 2 FePO4 + 3 H2O
This stuff is the 'pure chemical' product
This stuff is what you can buy from garden centres (its exactly the same content).
You need to be a bit careful when looking at the adverts (or products on the shelf), as some commercial pH reducers are based on Nitric Acid, not Phosphoric Acid - always look at the contents lablel!